1. Royal Society ( 1662-1700)

The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, known simply as the Royal Society, Founded in 1660 and granted a royal charter by Charles II in 1662. the Royal Society was a community of scholars brought together for the purpose of "Improving Natural Knowledge." It included greatest minds in scientists, philosophers, and even poets in efforts to advance science through cooperation. Famous members include Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin. The Royal Society of London, and other scientific societies that grew up inEuropeduring the later seventeenth century, contributed greatly to the scientific progress made during that period.

2.Newton

Sir Isaac Newton  1642 –  1727  was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian, who has been "considered by many to be the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived.Newton  took the current theories on astronomy a step further and formulated an accurate comprehensive model of the workings of the universe based on the law of universal gravitation. His revolutionary work  Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, often called simply the Principia published in 1687, lays the foundations for most of classical mechanics.

3. Galileo Galilei

Galileo (1564-1642) was the most successful scientist of the Scientific Revolution, save only Isaac Newton. was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. He studied physics, specifically the laws of gravity and motion, and invented the telescope and microscope. Galileo eventually combined his laws of physics with the observations he made with his telescope to defend the heliocentric Copernican view of the universe and refute the Aristotelian system in his 1630 masterwork, Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World. Upon its publication, he was censored by the Catholic Church and sentenced to house arrest in 1633, where he remained until his death in 1642. in the time under house arrest, he wrote one of his most famous works, Two New Sciences, in which summarized all his works in forty years earlier.  

4. Doctrine of uniformity

The doctrine of uniformity was an enormous step in the quest to integrate physics and astronomy. Developed by Galileo in hisDialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World, the doctrine of uniformity states that corresponding causes produce corresponding affects throughout the universe. Thus, terrestrial physics may be used to explain the motion of heavenly bodies.

5. Universal Gravitation

In 1687, Isaac Newton devised his law of universal gravitation, which introduced gravitation as the force that both kept the Earth and planets moving through the heavens and also kept the air from flying away, allowing scientists to quickly construct a plausible heliocentric model for the solar system. The cornerstone of Newton's explanation of the organization of the universe, the law of universal gravitation states that every particle of matter attracts every other particle with a force proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

6. Aristotelian System

The Aristotelian system was the broad term used to refer to the traditional view of the world expressed during the age of Aristotle by the ancients, and maintained and modified by the Church to fit with religious doctrine throughout the Middle Ages. The Aristotelian system included accepted truths about biology, physics, and most notably, astronomy. Many of these "truths" were proven wrong during the Scientific Revolution.such as a geocentric (earth-centered) geostatic (earth-stationary) model of the finite Cosmos. 

 7. Darwinism(or also called as Darwin's Theory of Evolution ) developed in the mid-19th cent, was a set of movements and concepts related to ideas of transmutation of species or of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin, an English naturalist. Darwinism designates a distinctive form of evolutionary explanation for the history and diversity of life on earth. In Darwin’s most well-known book in 1859, On the original Of Species, . it holds that species change over time and that this change comes about through the mechanism of natural selection.  Although contribution ofDarwin in evolutionary theorists, many of his contemporaries in the scientific community found flaws in his argument based on the lack of evidence thatDarwin was able to produce in order to substantiate his claims.

8. Britain’s Industrial revolution

Between about 1750 and 1850, the United Kingdom experienced the first industrial revolution, there began a transition in parts of Great Britain's previously manual labour and draft-animal–based economy towards machine-based manufacturing. . On the technology front, the biggest advancements were in steam power. The British Industrial Revolution is characterized by developments in the areas of textile manufacturing, mining, metallurgy and transport driven by the development of the steam engine. the developing in commerce, growing interest in scientific investigation and invention, the doctrine of laissez-faire, or letting business alone, and government liberalizing industry were factors leading to Britain’s Industrial revolution. Since industrial revolution began in  in Britain, then it subsequently spreaded throughout Western Europe, North America, Japan, and eventually the world.

9. Paleolithic  ( Old stone age)

The Paleolithic Age is a prehistoric period of human history from some 2 million years ago, to the end of the last ice age c.12,000 BC, distinguished by the development of the most primitive stone tools discovered and covers roughly 99% of human technological prehistory. Nomadic hunter-gatherers roam Africa, Europe, Asia, Middle East. One of the earliest cultural traditions of Homo sapiens was the use of fire for cooking, for curing animal hides, for making weapons, and as a source of heat and light. During the Paleolithic, humans grouped together in small societies such as bands, and subsisted by gathering plants and hunting or scavenging wild animals

1o. Neolithic ( New stone age)

Neolithic Period, also called New Stone Age,  final stage of cultural evolution or technological development among prehistoric humans, ) at the end of Ice Age, around 12,000 years ago,  began to unfold in some parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world. Due to the socioeconomic and technological transformation, This period witness the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture and settlement.  this period  was characterized by the use of stone tools shaped by polishing or grinding, the existence of settled villages largely dependent on domesticated plants and animals, and the presence of such crafts as pottery and weaving.

11. Hellenic era

Hellenic era 510 BCE to 323 BCE. Hellenic refers to all things related to Greece directly.

Greek emphasis on rationalism bore some resemblance to Chinese Confucianism, and gave rise to scientific exploration, although little experimentation. Greek thinkers were interested in the elements from which the cosmos was created, which in turn led to interest in mathematics and geometry. Empirical discoveries were made in medicine and astronomy, although the astronomical observations of Ptolemy stressed the position of the earth at the center of the universe

12. Hellenistic era

Hellenistic which implies an adaptation of the local cultures to the Greek mainstream. Hellenistic era begins with the conquests of Alexander III and the spread of the Greek civilization to the Orient and ends in the 1st cent. AD era. Hellenistic thinkers were particularly interested in science and mathematics, and their work in these areas underlay almost all Western scientific learning for the next 2,000 years. Contributions were made in astronomy and geography, while there was also much interest in astrology and magic.

13. Steam engine

The first real attempt at industrial use of steam power was due to Thomas Savery in 1698. A fundamental change in working principles was brought about by James Watt. he had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting his steam engine. The introduction of steam power fuelled primarily by coal, wider utilisation of water wheels and powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity. The development of the stationary steam engine was an essential early element of the Industrial Revolution

14. Telegraph.

The first electrical telegraph was invented by Samuel Soemmering in 1809 using gold wires in water sending messages around two thousand feet away that could be read by determining how much gas was released. The telegraph was the first from of communication that could be sent from a great distance and was a landmark in human history. For the first time man could communicate with another from a great distance changing everything from how wars were fought to how eople dated and fell in love. It’s creation, along with the steam engine, was one of the key inventions to the industrial age.

15. . Urban revolution ( 6000 years ago in theNear East) Involved cities with high population densities under the centralized political and economic authority. New mode of intensified agriculture based on large- scale water- management networks - hydraulic engineering systems caused agricultural surpluses which formed by highly centralized bureaucratic states( led by a king or pharaoh) to collect, store and redistribute surplus for large population. In addition, the organization of regional states, development of complex and stratified societies, monumental architecture, beginnings of writing and higher learning were also symbols for high civilization .  in this period, there were an increase in trade and economic activities, and in division of labor as well as craft production.